Summary of literary texts and key concepts of literature

  About the poet: Eunice de Souza  (1940 – 2017) was an Indian poet, literary and  feminist  critic and novelist . She was one of the leading literary critics of   late 20 th century, who was born in 1940 and raised in Pune, in a Catholic family in Goa. Her mentionable books of poetry are  Women in Dutch painting  (1988),  Ways of Belonging  (1990),  Nine Indian Women Poets  (1997),  These My Words  (2012), and  Learn From The Almond Leaf  (2016). She also wrote two novels,  Dangerlok  (2001), and  Dev & SImran  (2003). She was the editor of a number of anthologies on poetry, folktales, and literary criticism.  Eunice de Souza is widely acknowledged as one of the best Indian feminist poets in Indian English writing. Eunice De Souza believes that women, they are liable for their own maltreatment and she has been very specific about how woman should behave to avoid it.   Eunice de Souza’s “Advice to Women”  guides women to learn the art of being stoic in relationships . De Souza’

  Dharma, is not a specific religion, or creed, as it generally means from a layman’s perspective. It is, according to the tenets of   Hinduism and Buddhist doctrines, the order of the universe. Dharma (/ˈdɑːrmə/; Sanskrit: धर्म , (Pali: dhamma)) is a key concept with multiple meanings in many religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages. The term svadharma has been used in the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, as equivalent to something socially beneficial that propitiates the way of personal harmony. It is loosely synonymous with the term duty. A sense is embedded in the term which denoted that one should treat a person as he treats himself. Dhamma, in Pali language, and Buddhism attaches a sort of distinct sophistication to the notion of Dharma. Failing to perform one’s dharma may incur misery, suffering (dukkha).Following one’s own dharma leads to bodhi or enlightenment. It is referred to as the path t

  In Sanskrit language, Karma means deeds. It is pronounced as Kamma in Pali language. It represents intentional action directed towards the fulfillment of a particular motive or result, which is known as Karmaphal. The intention of doing any Karma springs from desire. Inspired by that desire, a man performs his karma. But, every man is entitled to the result of their karma, whether good or bad. So, basically a person’s karma determines his fate.   According to Oliver Leaman, in both Buddhism and Hinduism, one can diminish the effects of evil karma by performing good karma. Jain philosophy detours from this line of thought propounding that karma is similar to a material essence, that is a part of each soul. A person’s karma attaches with his soul clouding the aura of a soul that differentiates it from other souls. Non violence and non harmful karma preserves the integrity of the soul, provides opportunity for spiritual growth to its full potential. In the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, Lor

  About the Poet : James Mercer Langston Hughes  (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was a multifaceted literary figure, who was an eminent Black American poet, a social activist, novelist, playwright, and a radical columnist. He hailed from Joplin  Missouri . He is also regarded as one of the earliest proponents of the literary genre, known as jazz poetry . Hughes is best known as one of the prominent figures of the Harlem Renaissance . Harlem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Dreams, I, Too, are some of his notable work of poetry.   About the Poem : The poem was first published in 1921. According to Hughes, the poem was written while he was seventeen and on a train crossing the river, Mississippi  on the way to visit his father in Mexico  in 1920. It is also said that he wrote the poem within ten or fifteen minutes. Summary: In this poem the poet recounts his experience of observing ancient rivers . Rivers have played considerably huge role in the development of human civilization. S

                                                         According to Cambridge Dictionary, the word fantasy denotes a ‘pleasant situation that you enjoy thinking about, but is unlikely to happen.’ In the context of literature, it is a type of story that delineates situations, completely different from real life, often involving magic. Unlike science fiction, in fantasy, there is no attempt on the part of the author to rationalize the plausibly unrealistic setting and incidents happening in the story with pseudo scientific principles. E.M.Forster in his Aspects of the Novel brilliantly captures the essence of this particular literary genre. Fantasy is a work of fiction with its own distinctive features. For the sake of demonstration, Forster selects two masterpieces, Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy , and Her man Melville’s Moby Dick . Apart from the story, human feelings, and sense of value for the characters, intelligence and memory for the plot, in any form of fiction offers, F

  After a gap of ten years, the author starts the story of Harry Potter. He is eleven years old now. The memory of that night when Petunia Dursley found Harry at the doorstep of their house still haunted her. Dudley was grown into a ‘large blond boy’. There was no sign to prove Harry’s existence in the house. Harry used to do chores with his aunt. In the morning, Petunia would wake him up with her shrill voice. Harry would try to remember what he was dreaming about. Most of the time, he would dream about a flying motorcycle. His aunt used to use Harry as a helping hand during breakfast. The day was Dudley’s birthday and Petunia wanted to make sure that everything goes perfectly. Harry lived in a cupboard under the stairs which was full of spiders. He was kind of used to it.   Dudley was a pampered child, whose every demand was fulfilled by his parents, as any refusal could lead him to the display of severe tantrums. He was fat and hated exercise. He even used to abuse Harry physically,

The story begins with the introduction of the Dursley family, who lived in house number four, in Privet Drive. Mr. Vernon Dursley, the director of a firm named Grunning his wife Petunia, a homemaker, and their pampered and spoiled son Dudley lived a perfectly normal life. Mr. Dursley had a huge stature with a large mustache. Mrs. Dursley was a thin blonde woman with a long neck. Apparently, there was nothing unusual with the family. Especially, Petunia always tried to portray her family as the perfect one. She always tries to find out what is happening in her neighbour’s home. But, Petunia Dursley kept a secret. She had a sister, Lily potter, who was a wizard. She was married to James Potter, who was also a wizard and they had a son, named Harry.   On a dull , and grey morning, when apparently everything seemed normal, Mr. Dursley picked up his briefcase and got into his car. The first mysterious sign was a cat, who seemed to be reading a map .As he was stuck in the traffic jam, he